Numerical Precision Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Numerical Precision - look into Paper ExampleIn order to be concerned with the right resulting solution, Goldberg (1991) asserts that we must consider the repositing and the running time of the computer. This issue is further worsened beca call a lot of computer algorithms add approximations to nursing home discrete computer. Goldberg (1991) adds that Java uses a small unit of IEEE 754 binary floating point standard to stand for floating point numbers and explain the results of arithmetical operations. He says that a float is signified by 32 bits and that each mixture of possible bits signify an unfeigned number, meaning that 232 possible real figures go off be signified even though there are a lot of markedly actual numbers. IEEE standards do use the inner picture same as scientific code but in binary rather than base 10. This shelters a range from +/-1.40129846432481707e-45 to around +/-3.40282346638528860e+3 and with about 6 or 7 important tenfold digits, plus or minus infi nity as well as not a number. The number contains s denoting plus or minus, 8 bits for advocate e and consequently 23 bits for a mantissa M. Goldberg (1991) adds that the decimal number is represented by the formula given as, (-1)s * m * 2(e-127) , Where Sign bit s (bit 31), Exponent field e (bits 30 - 23) and, Mantissa m (22 - 0). Floating-point arithmetic is the famous method of representing real figures in the contemporary computers. Faking an immeasurable, real figures with the machine figures is not a play that is forthright, negotiations that are a bit ingenious must be found amid correctness, swiftness, the ease of using it, snappy range as well as application and warehousing. I therefore argue that floating-point arithmetic on well chosen precision, radix or any other limit is a very impregnable negotiation for a lot of numerical implementations. Good retrospection performance of CPUs is mostly around the locality of the orientation and this is the same with the GPUs though with several significant alterations. The figure below shows a comparison of memory performance of the GPU and CPU. Buck (2005) argues that it is the role of cache that gives the difference between the performance in memory of a GPU and that of a CPU. He adds that the cache in the GPU hurries filtering of surface and therefore they need to be so great as the size of the sieve kernel for the surface sampler hat is a little it exact and being seeded computation. On he other hand, Buck (2005) vows that the GPU cache formats are enhanced for two sizes and are not wanted. This unlike to the Pentium 4 caches that works at a great clock rate with megabytes of statistics. Moreover, he Pentium 4 cache has the ability to read as well as written memory operations unlike GPU cache for read-only surface statistics. Binary Code Decimal is an example of binary indoctrination of decimal figures where every decimal factor is denoted by a secure number of bits, it is always four to eight. The principal(prenominal) asset of Binary Coded Decimal is a more perfect picture and rounding of decimal units and piddle it informal for human-readable picture. It with an advantage that one decimal numeral can be signified by the use of

Statistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 8

Statistics - Essay ExampleIn fact, in all the home fires that were reported during the period of the survey, smoke alarms were installed in the respective homes.Nonetheless, there simmer down remains much more to be done in order to meet the objective of devising people safe in their homes. Considering the 4% of the households that do not gain fire alarms, Ahrens (2014) places the count at about 5 million. This was the clear of 37% home fire deaths. Even aggravating the issue merely is the finding that of all the reported fires during the period of NFPA study, only 52% of the fire alarms operated. The malfunctioning of these fire alarms was the cause of the 23% of home fire deaths. Therefore, fire alarms play a crucial role of saving military man lives from home fires. However, statistics show that much more need to be undertaken to have more homes install these devices and have them function as required.Ahrens, M. (2014, March). Smoke alarms in U.S. home fires. National Fire P rotection Association. Retrieved 1 July 2014 from

Managing Virtual Teams.A Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Managing Virtual Teams.A Case Study - Essay Example speed a virtual company can be a rewarding experience for everyone involved. The employees are devoted greater freedom to complete their work task based on their own schedule. In frequent for each one employee has greater flexibility over their daily routine. Employees that telecommute get a change to spend much family time due to the fact that their homes become their home components. It is very important you trained your employees to learn how to cause their time adequately. Telecommuting requires self-discipline in revision to be able to meet the work deadlines of the job. In the news media business information travels fast, thus companies need employees that can stay on top of the current trends. In order to manager a virtual staff you need to keep the lines of communication open. I recommend that you switch your cellular phone provider or change the plan in order to give all employees phones with unlimited minutes. The employees need to stay united and being able to call each other for support in work related matters should be encouraged. As part of their home office equipment each employees must have a printer, fax machine, copier, digital camera, desktop or laptop computer, and broadband internet access. All the materials must be provided by the company since moving to a virtual environment should not cost the employees any out of pocket expenses.

A Public-Private Education Controversy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

A Public-Private Education Controversy - Essay Examplet the slight personal school advantage discovered by Coleman vanished when differences in pupils course preference and family context were considered (Cookson, 1992). John Chubb and terry cloth Moe be the current sources of impartial evidence of the superiority of confidential school. Numerous policymakers and opinion-editorial writers have reiterated their argument as dogma, and large numbers of people have been convinced of public assistance for private schools on their cast (Hakim et al., 1994). As analytical writers and peer analysts have emphasized, the study of Chubb and Moe of private and public high schools f boths in brief in locating a private school lead when pupils course preferences and background attributes are examined. The sorrow of the investigation of Chubb and Moe to provide them substantiation for their arguments is not that unexpected. The proof they draw upon originates entirely from the High School and beyond Study, the information that also botched Colemans study (Hakim et al., 1994, 66). Furthermore, in spite of the many pages they use on justifying why their treatment of this information is superior over the methodologies of other researchers, Chubb and Moe disregard almost all that has been taught about how to ethically deal with significantly erroneous, otherwise insignificant, information (Cookson, 1992). Yet, they chose to work unconventionally. Some of their questionable methods are (Hakim et al., 1994, 66) (1) developing a school organization instrument consisting of a large number of factors, making it very much unattainable to isolate the impacts of any one factor (2) merging private and exclusive private schools alongside Catholic ones in a manner that involuntarily awarded a private school lead in their study (3) and... School choice could be an exceptional encouragement for schools to strive more to draw the solicitude of customers but it is no replacement for pl anning educational motivations where in there are incentives for enhancing academic proceeding and sanctions for failure. The notion of an accountability mechanism for education institutions that includes incentives and sanctions is contentious and unconventional. The notion of an accountability mechanism founded on private school choice is contentious and unconventional too, and the NAEP and other findings reveal that it would fail. It is quite evident that even though the people refuse to accept private school choice, it will not cope with the existing place in public education. There are two possibilities one, there will be a legend form of accountability process in education that the educator and the people can trust, or, second, some foolish accountability program that will only harm education will be enforced.

Oral Learning Objective Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

vocal Learning Objective - Essay ExampleThe teams were necessary since the company was growing and the work was getting complex. Again, we had to plus the work efficiency for the company, which the only way was teamwork.We organized into a team of about 10 flock where we were self-driven in a way that we would make decisions with minimal supervision from the supervisors or the managers. This was the simple structure of the brass section as we embraced teamwork. Each team was responsible for its own business. Some of our functional responsibilities were managing inventory, gross margins, labor productiveness and product placement decisions. This kind of cooperation with my other employees encouraged and I found the importance of working as a team.As I had learnt from class, I would like to mention that it is true that self-directed teams organize more or less the work process. In site to complete a whole work piece that requires interdependent tasks, this has a significant auton omy over execution of the tasks. I joined with my colleagues to create a dependant nonplus in order to complete my individual tasks. From our teams, we had a leader who ensured that each of us completes his or her individual tasks and to ensure that everyone does the right thing.We kept independent from other teams, since what we required most is the interdependence amongst ourselves in order to make the best out of our products. I found myself responding very fast and effectively to the demands of our clients and the stakeholders. I did not want to lose any client in being slow or portraying a negative attitude. This is exactly what is required in the organizational behavior that we learnt in class.I felt do working with this organization because of the mandate that I could do on my own with minimal interruptions from my supervisors. Actually, communication and technical coordination support was always available which enriched the job increment. It was awe-inspiring

Organizational Capabilities and Strategic Management of Google Essay

Organizational Capabilities and Strategic counselling of Google - Essay ExampleIn relation to the study the company which has been selected is Google as a multinational pot that was founded in the year 1998 by Larry Page and Sergey Brin who were Ph.D. Students at Stanford University. It is a search engine that provides various earnings services such as advertising technologies cloud computing, internet search, and software. It links various Web pages allowing manduction and accessibility of information. Brin and Larry note that its mission is organizing world information and making it accessible and useful to every oneness. It offers tools that enable one to do a fast search such as Google Chrome and Android. It also focuses on the triumph of various businesses in the online world and offline too. It does this by focusing on products such as media and sales ads. For the web, Google has build various products with the intention of making the web and the experiences of the users better. Google has proved to have a wide range of organizational capabilities that enable it to stay ahead of the market competition. Scott states that one of the capabilities that Google has is innovativeness in terms of its products and tied(p) how they offer the services. This faeces be clearly seen from its motto of continuous innovation. Google usually invests some of its money and time towards innovation increment by encouraging its employees to inject up with saucily products and ideas. An example is where it recommends 20% of the technical employees time to be spent on their own activities while 80% of their time spent on advertising and core research. This investment has accounted for half of new features and products that have been created by Google. Every employee is given freedom of thought and skill to make changes to projects or even create their own projects. This in effect continuously encourages the employees to concentrate on coming up with new ideas that w ill add value to the company. The ideas are presented in an open environment which enhances its image.Dornefest and Calishain note that another capability that Google has is its strong organizational culture (133). It uses every opportunity in do employees by regular recognition of best performers. It has an open culture where every employee contributes to the running of the organization by accepting ideas from everyone. This in turn makes people to be comfortable in raising their ideas without intimidation which leads to its success. When hiring, yawn has a culture of hiring people based on the capabilities and not their experiences and it hires smart and determined workforce which contributes to higher(prenominal) capabilities. Another culture that the company has is that of holding weekly all- hands meeting where people raise ideas and issues straightway to the management. This culture is effective because it leads to quality production and quick decision making as well as pro blem solving.Another capability is that Google provides the best working environment for its workers. This has been evident from the many awards that Google has received as the best place to work which has in turn led to employee satisfaction. This capability is of capacious importance for it attracts a lot of professionals to the company. This in turn has seen the company to comprise of a lot of people who have great potential making the company to stand in a better chance of expanding and developing new ideas. Information technology is another capability that Google has which makes it to be more competitive. This is from the ability to link various pages and come up with other products and search tools (Brin 95).Having vast technology has enabled Google to connect various web pages, advertise and even sell. With enough resources that Google as i.e. a good capital base, it has been able to purchase tools that add to its efficiency. An example is where Google bought You subway syst em which has led to its efficiency in terms of its market share. This has been from the fact that a lot of people cope watching live

Find Natalie Merchants song Gold Rush Brides. Listen to it. Enjoy it Assignment

Find Natalie Merchants call option prosperous Rush Brides. Listen to it. Enjoy it. Read the Lyrics - Assignment ExampleThe point that the line makes in the retrace is that the Old American watt offered many opportunities, but the opportunities came at a very hefty price. The song emphasizes a very complex reality in which the Wild West people lived. A correct fraught with tragedy, hardship, and risk. In such situations, there were no happy endings but people still move to press on through sheer grit.According to Barman, 2007, the dominant cultural understanding of the Wild West portrays the vision of a land that lent itself to settlements and a simple context of Indians versus cowboys. It shows that Americans Westerns reduced all their plots decipher to line.The West was for all purposes and intent an uncivilized wilderness that lacked the amenities and the comfort of the civilized East. As the song lyrics put it, the women in the West suffered through childbirth, the death o f their husbands, yellow fever, and even madness. Despite the land knocked out(p) West being free, women had to pay for it with their

Managerial roles and responsibilities Coursework

Managerial roles and responsibilities - Coursework ExampleIt is their responsibility to ensure that there is an effective flow of instruction in the healthcare system. They essential, therefore, ensure that the equipment and design are efficient enough. A healthcare bringing CIO must be innovative and be able to design and implement the innovation process. This way, they can influence the some other healthcare executives (Ball et al. (2013). When the CIO is innovative, the rest will have to follow suit in order to produce hot results.A healthcare CIO has the responsibility to oversee the handling of all the data in the healthcare delivery system. This is a huge responsibility considering there is a lot of data to handle in this sector. This includes the medical care data, patient self-service applications as well as other medical uses around the hospital. CIOs are, therefore, call for to work together with other stakeholders in order to be successful. Ball, et al. (2013) insist that a CIO takes into account the guidance of the population health, ensuring that all patients are taken care of appropriately and also in the individual level where each patient experiences an improved service delivery through IT. Additionally, A the CIO ensures that there is a decrement readmission procedure where real-time data is

Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Media - Essay moralcomedy depended a great deal on the ability of the audience to get the joke as laughter from the audience was always a sign during layer performances that the play was being well received. This agent of external interaction was incorporated into the sit-com, but with the added benefit of being able to record the show send-off and then air it later. Thus, unexpected reactions from the audience could be cut out, errors in performance could be act again and prompts for audience reaction werent as obvious. By combining these two approaches, the sit-com still maintains the conjuring of being a live event in spite of the great degree of editing and end product involved. This ability to edit and change has also introduced more meaning into the shows produced. Just as the comedies of stage and receiving set were reflections of their society, so have the sit-coms of the past several decades reflected the society that produce them but with the greater realization of rescue of performance and significance to audiences. In many ways, the sit-com of today has not changed a great deal in its structural format even as its reflection of society has altered and the level of meaning presented has deepened with greater understanding of the principles at work.Before one can look at individual sit-coms to see if they let in up to a common definition, it is helpful to have a definition and idea of development in place. Generally sit-coms, or situation comedies, are defined as a form of comedy that presents episodes of hap characters as they interact within a common environment, facing some sort of complication and terminate it at the end with some form of happy ending. The sit-com has developed from a long history of stage performances intended to entertain the masses by featuring stories they were able to relate with while also poking palliate fun at the lifestyles of the wealthy. According to Lewisohn, precursors of the sitcom have existed since the times of

Question 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Question 2 - Assignment Example age thither are reported some positive trends during the recent years including enhancement of the entrepreneurial milieu in the country (Roberts 2012), there still are some critical zones that make business environment less attractive. Thus, for example, based on the infrastructure, red tape, corporate governance, corruption and crime criteria, Philippines is ranked in the go bad position comparing with Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand (Escribano et al, 2009). Moreover, Philippines fail to protect the investors and there are more difficulties in obtaining credits than in its Asian neighbor countries. In terms of attraction of unconnected direct investment to the economics of Philippines, there also exist some formal and informal barriers imposed by government combined with weakly judicial system and corruption (Roberts, 2012). All these factors make Philippines less desired destination for multinational corporations and foreign direct investmen ts. Based on the recent World Bank survey results, Philippines fall toward the bottom of the rank of business-friendly environment (Lesher, & Plummer 2011). However, despite even its unfavorable investment climate, according to the UNCTAD, in the first half of 2013 there was recorded the second biggest FDI inflow to the Philippines among ASEAN countries (Malinao, 2013).Escribano, A., Guasch, J., de Orte, M., & Pena, J. (2009). Investment Climate Assessment in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand Results from Pooling Firm-Level Data.Singapore Economic Review,54(3),

Risk Assessment Is the Health, Safety and Environmental Management Coursework

Risk Assessment Is the Health, Safety and Environmental Management - Coursework employmentThis essay explores the methods of risk credit that are applicable to the health, safety, and environmental issues. Brainstorming is a method utilise across all disciplines to nominate risk. Groups of professionals come together and verbally identify the risks that are in their sectors. In this method, all the people involved need to be informed and well equipped with the general cognition so that they foundation appreciate the opinions of the others. Relevant documentation is required after the brainstorming exercise so that the information can be stored for use in the evaluation exercise. Interviews can also be employ to identify risks that are bound to occur in a certain field of interest. Precaution should be taken on the kind of person interviewee since it affects the reliability of the kind of information that will be collected. It is commonly advised that an interview is carried ou t after a brainstorming session to have appropriate questions to entreat in the interview. However, interviews are limited to the capabilities of the facilitator and therefore he/she should be competent in carrying out interviews. Experiments can be performed to identify a risk. In the health sector, experiments can be performed on animals that have chemical reaction characteristic similar to those of humans. In the environment samples can be set aside, experiments performed on them, and the results of the experiments used to identify a risk. Risks can be identified by reading documented familiarity. Researches were done previously and noesis from books and journal is an important source of information in risk identification. However, the researcher should be cautious when apply this knowledge to ensure that it is relevant and from a credible source. A lot of research has been done in the safety and health sector and the documented information could offer solutions in identifyin g risks. Documented historical knowledge that is widely accepted as a fact could be used in risk identification

Sexual predators of young children in the Internet Essay

Sexual predators of young children in the net - Essay ExampleThe online security risk of children from pedophiles has been make either the more higher because of easy access through the Internet. As the government tries to secure children however, where parents could be rest assured of some security, pedophiles have become wiser in securing information as in library files or through other means.Parental advice have been made available.As technology advances, information conveyance also advances. then the risk of various crimes such as human trafficking, including pedophilia, and illegal material trade caused by online incidents is all the more high. This paper looks into pedophilia particularly its risk on children as aided by the Internet.According to the American Psychiatric Association (APA) in their Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (2000), pedophilia is under the facial expression of paraphilia. It is described as a psycho devolve onual disorder in which a person fantasizes or is committing an cloak of sexual activity with pre-pubertal children (APA 2000). For online pedophiles, there are two categories the dabbler and the preferential offender (Bennett and Hess 2001).The dabbler is basically a typical adolescent searching for porno, a curious adult with a newly represent access to pornography or a profit-motivated criminal. The other category named preferential offender is usually a sexually indiscriminate individual with a wide variety of deviant sexual interests or a pedophile with a definite preference for children (Bennett & Hess 2001).Historical antecedents... As reported in Christian Science admonisher (Ford 2004), there is til now an open child-sex market identified as being in the German-Czech border rule that began in 1996 with child prostitutes, the youngest being 6 years old. The pedophile case in the U.S. ranks second in the crimes being reported in the news (Killias 2000). Current importance. The Internet has be come a primary long suit by which pedophiles exchange images and experiences with one another. Many of these pedophiles belong to international organizations and web rings that are cognise to distribute pornographic images of children as well as other related material (Lesce 1999). Through Internet chat rooms, podcasts and streaming radio, pedophiles from diverse backgrounds are able to share information, swap stories, politically organize and even give tips on how to distribute to children a printable booklet that extols the benefits of sex with adults. Despite the illegality and societal desecrate having sex with minors, the Internet support groups help them justify their behavior (Dawson, 2006). Many online pedophiles that target youngsters are alert of the needs and desires of the young and use their knowledge to exploit the youth through seduction or employment (U.S. Department of Justice 2007.). The trouble is that as stated by Californias Megans Law Online, not all sex o ffenders are caught and convicted (Office of the Attorney General 2007). Controversy. Some pedophiles regard themselves as pushing for legalization of child pornography and the loosening of age-of-consent laws. They view themselves as fighting for childrens rights to engage in sex with adults. A Dutch group, in fact, formed a pedophile political party, and celebrated when a Dutch court

Strategic management Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Strategic management - Article ExampleIssues much(prenominal) as higher volume of patients catered through limited capacity in the emergency room as well as the lack of adapting new technologies have made it comparatively difficult for the hospital to hold pace with the larger hospitals. Recruiting and retaining skilled physicians as well as nursing staff at relatively affordable be was another operational issue faced by hospital. Due to the structural changes in the healthcare industry boilersuit availability of the physicians declined due to reduction in their wages. It is besides important to tag that the increasing influence of the managed care organizations is also sited as one of the operational issues faced by EMC. The overall influence of the managed care then is forcing the hospitals to offer services at reduced costs. Strategic Options Available one and only(a) of the key elements to be explored before EMC can make both strategic move is the understanding of the r emote environment of hospital. Over the period of time the changes which have taken place largely were regulated as well as driven by competition. A closer analysis of the competitive environment suggests that virtually of the players were non-profit organizations with focus on developing extensive network to gain the competitive edge in the market. The ingrained nature of the competition therefore may force EMC to look for the options which can allow it to exploit the set up network of different direct as well as indirect players in the market influencing the overall outcome in the market. One of the most important strategic actions which EMC can take is to merge with any competing HMO in society to take advantage of the core competencies of other organization. Since most of the organizations are non-profit organizations therefore hospital can also achieve the required level of synergy with relative ease. Further, the utilization of the animated technology of the bigger player would enable it to overcome its traditional weakness of adapting to the new technology in slow manner. This would further allow the hospital to become amend equipped to reduce the number of complains also. It is also important to note that the merger with any other HMO will also provide an chance to gain access to the larger base of medical and health care services providers such as physicians and nurses. This would therefore can allow broadening the overall scope of services offered under one roof. another(prenominal) important strategic option which may be considered is to maintain the status quo and initiate a programme of change. President Moeen however, would require drastic changes in the way hospital is managed. This would require taking a holistic view of the operational challenges faced by the hospital and than taken on a systematic strategic approach to utilize the core competencies of the hospital to gain the required momentum to achieve the growth. Recommendations In order to overcome the operational challenges as well as to make EMC a competitive force within the area, President Moeen can take on the drastic changes to further rationalize the cost while at the same time maintaining the status quo. This would involve looking for new ways and methods to further rationalize the cost while at the same time ensuring that the hospital continues to expand. In order to achieve this, it would be better if the hospital look for more financing

Logistics and Supply Chain Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Logistics and deliver Chain Management - Essay Exampley method to achieve boffo results in military control performance, since it offers the basis for improving flexibility and maximizing the degree of firms responsiveness to external influences and changes in markets and demands. Finally, the issue of logistics in terms of functional and cross-functional organizational structure will be additionally discussed in order to reach conclusions upon the benefits attached to each case.The make upd competition along with the globalization effect vex undoubtedly set new grounds for conducting business. This situation actually urges corporations and organizations throughout the world to acquire and keep open competitive edges and core competencies that will ultimately provide the basis for success. Around the globe companies are air for profitability a fact that logically tests and underlines the necessity for cost-cutting, innovative solutions and higher margins or returns to be ach ieved. Markets are expanding and constantly developing, creating new needs and opportunities for revenues. Nonetheless, the price-wars and the intense rivals among major players in all industries constitute a business environment that requires strategic get on the part of corporations in order to maintain and sustain competitiveness.Supply chain management is a business area that has gained the attention of virtually all companies that attempt to increase efficiency gains through flexibility and responsiveness to changes in the market and the demand levels. For this very reason, strategic approach to SCM (supply chain management) has become integral part of the organizational planning.Voss (1987) defines JIT as a disciplined approach that eventually aims at improving business performance through increasing productivity and eliminating waste. In more expatiate Just-in-Time actually targets maximization of production in a cost-effective manner, on the one hand, and delivery of adap ted quantity of products/parts on the other

Intercultural communication (Porter, Samovar, and Penington) Essay

Intercultural conference (Porter, Samovar, and Penington) - Essay ExampleIt was a friendly dig at each separates culture.Culture is the way we live, the air we breathe, the thoughts we think, the clothes we put on, the eyeglasses we wear and look through (Monippally 2001, p 44-45). Culture is what shapes our perception. It is defined as the complex system of values, traits, ethics and customs shared by a society.From 1967 to 1973, while working at IBM as a psychologist, pile up and analyzed data from over 100,000 individuals from 50 countries and 3 regions. From the initial results, Hofstede developed a model that identifies 4 primary dimensions to assist in differentiating cultures Power Distance1, Individualism2, Masculinity3 and Uncertainty Avoidance4. Hofstede added a fifth Dimension after conducting an spare international study with a survey instrument developed with Chinese employees and managers. That dimension, based on Confucian dynamism, is Long-Term Orientation5 and was applied to 23 countries. These five Hofstede Dimensions can also be found to correlate with other country (See figure 1) and cultural paradigms (Geert Hofstede, 2003).people communicate varies widely between, and withal within, cultures. One aspect of communication style is language usage. Across cultures, some words and phrases are used in different ways. For example, even in countries that share the English language, the meaning of yes varies from maybe, Ill consider it to definitely so, with many shades in between. some other major aspect of communication style is the degree of importance given to non-verbal communication. Non-verbal communication includes not wholly facial expressions and gestures it also involves seating arrangements, personal distance, and sense of time. In addition, different norms regarding the appropriate degree of self-assertiveness in communicating can add to cultural misunderstandings. For instance, some lily-white Americans typically consider raised(a) voices to be a sign that a fight has begun, while some black, Jewish and Italian Americans lots feel that an increase in volume is a sign of an exciting conversation among friends. Thus, some white Americans may react with greater alarm to a loud discussion than would members of some American heathen or non-white racial groups.2. Different Attitudes Towards Conflict Some cultures view conflict as a tyrannical thing, while others view it as something to be avoided. In the U.S., conflict is not usually desirable except people often are encouraged to

Correlations between prayer and evangelism Research Paper - 1

Correlations among plea and evangelism - Research Paper ExamplePrayers are essential for spreading the gospel through evangelism. The w altogetherpaper will seek to discuss the correlation between the prayers and evangelism in relation to the teachings from the bible.The most essential instrumental role for useful evangelism is said to be prayers. All the huge awakening that has happened in the church history since the while of Apostles to the present gospel has been attributed to prayers. Even if great awakening has come as a result of great preaching, prayer has always been the center of breakthrough in these preaching messages. One of the best illustrations on prayer as a great tool in evangelism is found in Acts 114. During this time, Peter and opposite apostles were engaged in a prayer as they were preparing to spread the gospel to the world. Though the main commission of this prayer was to find a replacement for Judas, the prayer was also aimed at strengthening their f aith towards evangelism which they were more or less to start. Through this prayer there were many people who converted to Christianity thus indicating that prayer led to effective evangelism. In Acts 24, the bible reports that the effect of the prayers led to conversion of more than 3,000 souls to the Christian community (Torrey, 2009). tally to the Epistle of Timothy, Paul urges the church to engage in prayers of intercession and thanksgiving for all people and especially for those who withdraw not been saved so that they can be transformed to the knowledge of truth and life of holiness. In the book of 1 Timothy 21-8, Paul convinces Timothy that through prayers, divinity would be bright and since He cares for those who are not saved, and he want them to now the light. He outlines that he would want all men to engage in prayer through Jesus Christ who is the mediator between God and men. He states that one of the most important responsibilities of church is to commit to the wor k of God by praying for those that ease up not

Incident of National Significance Essay Example for Free

Incident of theme Signifi rear endce EssayWhenever an event of disastrous affect threatens any place in the country, various mite responses from incompatible government units are mobilized. The matter chemical reaction Plan (NRP) was designed so that the way in which these kind of events are addressed are through with(p) effectively and in an organized manner. As an extensive response plan, it also provides ample support mechanisms that would uphold in preventing further damage and facilitate recovery. The NRP is applicable to all real and possible Incidents of National Significance. These incidents, harmonize to the Homeland Security Presidential Directive (HSPD-5), are those situations which have potentially deep and far-reaching effect that postulate a coordinated and effective response from these resources. All calamitous situations under the Stafford Act are considered Incidents of National Significance. Aside from this, the NRP could be utilized for any event that prays federal intervention. The aforementioned criteria also distinguish Incidents of National Significance from other events beingness handled by other agencies or are under a different response program.These criteria are qualitative in nature, and it usually applies when division authorities are overwhelmed with a finicky situation. For example when the state, local, or tribal authorities need more resources or could not cope with the living demand in services, they would request assistance from the Department of Homeland Security. This is also applicable whenever an incident concerns a number of federal agencies or departments. In addition, the countrys President can request this program anytime when it is deemed necessary.Discuss the term, ESF as described in the National Response Plan. In your discussion, be sure to address the basic formation of each ESF. The Emergency Support Functions (ESFs) is a system of coordinating and facilitating response whenever situations of F ederal authority arise. It defines the mission, policies, concepts of operation, and responsibilities of indigenous and support agencies participating in the execution of the National Response Plan (NRP).Basically, the ESF defines the responsibilities and roles of these Federal agencies and departments. It can be activated due to Incidents of National Significance and other similar situations under the Stafford Act. However, it is possible that these Incidents of National Significance, can already be addressed by other Federal agencies and may not necessarily pack the aid of ESFs. The current ESF design framework includes economic stabilization, community recovery, and mitigation. It provides the staffing and necessary resources for emergency situations. The NRP includes 12 bone marrow ESFs, each of which is comprised of primary and support agencies. Thes e agencies have their own scopes and obligations. The ESFs come from different management areas that includes emergency manag ement, police and law enforcement, public works, fire, rescue, and medical and health services. Each ESF is assigned support agencies depending on their capabilities and resources in a particular field or area.Though each ESF provide these services based on their given scope or responsibility, they are also expected to assist other ESFs in accomplishing their goals. How does the ESF link up to an Incident of National Significance? Incidents of National Significance are those situations which have potentially deep and far-reaching effects that necessitate a coordinated and effective response from Federal, State, local, tribal, private-sector, and nongovernmental entities. Each day there are situations that require special and emergency response from the authorities.When a local jurisdiction feel that Federal Intervention is unavoidable because of insufficient resources or if a greater expertise is required to address a certain event, they leave alone call on help from the Nation al Response plan (NRP). This is done in order to ease lives, minimize damage, and provide the basis for long-term community recovery and mitigation activities. The NRP uses a functional go about to define the roles that each ESF plays in response to emergency situations, each agency or department being assigned to an ESF based on their capabilities or the services they are able to provide whenever this emergency happens.It takes into history those practices that each department does best. The appropriate assignment of services and responsibilities to any situation, such as those Incidents of National Significance, is decisive so that different agencies can work together effectively, whether they are local or Federal agencies. This ensures that the communication theory between them are facilitated accordingly and that they can effectively help each other when the time arises.

Physics ISA Thermistor generalised Paper 1 guide Essay Example for Free

Physics ISA Thermistor generalised Paper 1 melt Essay1. My hypothesis is that the resistance decreases as the temperature increases. I predict my results allow for have a ostracise correlation, and that as the temperature2. http//www.gcsesciencemethods.co.uk/2014/05/thermistor-resistance-dependent-on.html http//www.nuffieldfoundation.org/practical-physics/effect-temperature-thermistorThe first method contained a risk assessment as well as a choice of two methods, one with a digital multimeter as well as one with a power supply and an ammeter. The second method has an explanation as to how a thermistor works, but I chose the first method because it had a multimeter method, which is easier than using a power supply and an ammeter, as it reads resistance this instant in Ohms. 3. The equipment I will use is an NTC Thermistor, Hot Water (200ml), Cold Water (200ml), Beaker (500ml), Thermometer (0-100c), Digital Multimeter, and Connecting leads. You will fill to boil weewee (at le ast 200ml) and put it in a beaker of at least 250ml, and thusly the same with normal water. You will then need to use connecting leads to connect the digital multimeter to the thermistor. You will need to turn the multimeter on, and set it to read Ohms, which is the unit for Resistance (Pd/current).You will then pour the hot water in the 500ml beaker, and immerse the thermistor into the 500ml beaker. You will then wait until the hot water reaches 70c, and then musical rhythm the resistance in Ohms. You will then repeat the experiment, to increase accuracy and to spot anomalies that might strickle your final results. You will take a mean by adding up both results and dividing them by two.

I Love to Travel Essay Example for Free

I Love to Travel EssayIve decided I fate to travel. I mean Ive always wanted to, but now Im going to start planning it. I think once I finish University Im going to take a year off, and travel the world. lambaste different countries, move from town to town, live and experience different cultures. Im not going to go continuous into work after Uni.. I want to live my life. I mean Im ready to leave this res publica right now, get away from everyone and just key to be independant and travel but I gravel priorites at the moment, and for the next few old age. And while it seems like a while away, a few years will pass quickly and I will be on my way to living in Paris for a while in a cute little apartment with the Eiffel Tower at your windows view, the busy streets of New York.. the sunshine of LA.. Ill be dancing with the Spanish, training the local life of Greece, sightedness beautiful places and monuments in Italy and learning the life of Tuscany.. When you live in one cou ntry your entire life, you learn to think its all thats out there.. his little world of yours.But its not. Once you come to realise theres a whole world out there left to explore, something inside of you just craves it.. craves knowing and understanding and learning and seeing.. I want to see the world, before I work and settle down and do whatever.. And I dont care if Im on my own. The years of my 20s will be finding myself. Establishing myself. Making the most of discovering who I am and the world out there.

Federal Transportation Budget Essay Example for Free

Federal Transportation reckon EssayWhat is the structure of the Federal Transportation Budget? Since 2001, in the Department of Transportation, the government administration worked closely with Congress to develop a reasonable cipher plan that would enact a responsible reauthorization of The Department of Transportations path and public loony toons. Also, the highway safety programs were included that allows for the states to have more flexibility and raises more money and pinpoints the most important areas that pick up attention, such as mobility and safety. The Presidents budget for transportation support efforts in developing the neighboring Generation Air Transportation System which will meet the demands for airspace capacity. This budget also covers capital for intercity passenger rails at a rate that will convince Amtrak to take action in reforms and control the spending. (CBS News, 2007) CBS News reports that More funds will now be distributed to pay for highway s ome(prenominal) safety programs and changes which was recently-enacted by the surface transportation reauthorization law. Since 2001, The Department of Transportation has aided in stabilizing the flight path industry, after the September, 11, 2001 attacks from terrorists. The Federal Budget for Transportation was designed to cover the most important issues dealing with transportation issues. The Budget of the United States political relation displays a chart that lists the amount of money allotted for transportation. (FY07 Budget, 2007) under the deed Transportation. Reference PageTransportation Allotments.(2007). Federal Budget 2007. Fiscal Outlook. CBS News.FY07 Budget. GPO Access. (2007). Department of Transportation. Budget of the United States Government Browse Fiscal Year 2007.

Alcoholic Beverage Essay Example for Free

inebriantic Beverage assaydrinking is a chronic problem that includes difficulty in controlling drinking, having to drink consistently to survive physical independence, being preoccupied with inebriant, and continually using intoxicant regardless of problems it causes (Brick, 2004). intoxicant should non be legal in U. S. because it is impacts negatively on health, family, community and on a persons upbringing. Alcohol drinking is like taking a drug. It is a form of drug addiction and drug abuse. Alcoholism is a worldwide problem that affects many people. Drinking alcohol has negative short and long limit effectuate.Alcoholism has been associated with adverse effects on health, family, community, and education (Marshall, 2000). However, the effects on a person depends on particular factors such as how often and how lots alcohol is taken, a persons age, gender, when a person begun drinking and how long they have been drinking, their health, and family history (Begleit er angstrom unit Kissin, 1996). It is in this regard that alcohol should not be legal in the United States. Alcohol is addictive, and people become addicts end up expense a lot of money on alcohol.It means that when they spend all the money they have on alcohol, they for get to their families, and are not able to support the community in anyway. Some resort to stealing to sustain their drinking habit. Alcohol addicts sometimes engage in robbery acts to get the money for drinks. connection becomes at risk of destruction with excessive alcohol expenditure allowed. When many people engage in excessive consumption of alcohol, education becomes at risk. People drop out of school, and illiteracy train amplification in the community. In addition, the progress and development of any community depends on the health of its people. Therefore, when alcohol puts the health of its members at risk, community suffers in the long run.Alcohol affects some(prenominal) female and male different ly. work force who fill alcohol, daily have an increased risk of health risks. Such men can experience cancer and heart disease in the long-term and low energy to sexual difficulties in the short-term (Brick, 2004). Men are more likely to suffer from liver cirrhosis, and have higher chances of being diagnosed with high inventory pressure. Nearly 26. 6% of deaths among men of between 16 and 24 years old can be attributed to alcohol consumption. Men tend to be more dependent of alcohol (Marshall, 2000).Drinking too much alcohol damages a persons dead consistence organs such as liver, brain, set up, heart,and intestines. forefront is adversely affected because the brain cells die leading to loss of memory, learning difficulties, brain disorders, confusion, and problems with attention (Blane amp Leonard, 1999). Liver is highly affected because of the great possibility of developing cancer in the liver, throat and mouth. The stomach may alike acquire ulcers. Long-term drinking ha s also been linked to stroke and heart failure. The sickish system can also experience damage leading to behavioral and physical problems (Dasgupta, 2011).These problems affect health, family, community, and education in the long-term because of expenses associated with alcohol consumption, and possible treatment measures. Alcohol poses many effects on the body such as fertility. It reduces levels of testosterone. As a result, it could decline sperm quantity and quality, and lead to loss of libido. Alcohol is toxic to the testicles, and affects hormones. It could hamper production of sperms, hinder them from developing properly, and slow their movement towards the egg. Alcohol can also limit the liver from metabolizing vitamin A properly.It also depresses the nervous system, and could result in difficulty in getting and keeping erection (Peters, 2008). Many young adults do not realize that alcohol has a plump effect. Alcohol can reduce the amount of fat that the body burns for en ergy. The human body makes some(prenominal)(prenominal) attempts to eliminate alcohol 1 / 3 very fast as it cannot remain in the body for storage. The process takes priority over nutrient absorption and burning of fat. In the long-term, there could be a serious damage in the demeanor. Other effects include loss of hair in the body, front enlargement, and withering of testicles (Dasgupta, 2011). Alcohol has also been associated with worsening of skin disorders such as rosacae.Rosacae skin disorder is prudent for expansion of blood vessels in the face making it redder. Heavy drinking can cause the appearance of pus spots and red bumps. It has also been linked to inflammation, pain and swelling in the joints. The effect is unwashed among men of between 30 and 60 years old (Hannigan, Spear, Spear amp Goodlett, 1999). As mentioned earlier, dangerous drinking increases the chances of heart disease, liver damage, bone disease, cancer, anxiety and depression, and type II diabetes. Hea vy consumption of alcohol also caused inflammation on the pancreas and irritates stomach.These effects indirectly affect family, community and education (Peters, 2008). Women are not safe from alcohol either. The body of women takes much time to process alcohol compared to men. Women finger more effects of alcohol than men even when they drink the same amount. The fertility of women is at risk with heavy consumption of alcohol. Women are high risk of acquiring breast cancer, and adverse impacts of the menopause. Women are advised in several studies to avoid alcohol when trying to have a baby. Alcohol disrupts menstrual cycle in women, and limits their chances of conceiving.These are bad effects on the body, and not good for family and community in general. Therefore, alcohol should not be legal in the United States (Hannigan, Spear, Spear amp Goodlett, 1999). While drinking less alcohol may make one look good, heavy consumption causes bad skin, tired eyes, and weight gain for both female and male. It also interferes with peoples sleep. Heavy consumers of alcohol often wake up and feel like they have not had enough rest. Alcohol dehydrates the body and skin. It deprives the skin of certain vital nutrients and vitamins. Hence, it is not good for health.Alcohol is also responsible for much divorce among couples due to fights in the family, and lack of cash in hand for family upkeep (Dasgupta, 2011). Alcohol is depressant. It means that alcohol calms people down, and slows down some body organs. With only 0. 05% level of blood-alcohol, a person begins getting dulled judgment, and his or her inhibitions get released. They then become clumsy and sound having slurred speech with only a 0. 10% blood-alcohol level. At 0. 30% level of blood-alcohol, one almost becomes unconscious. Any addition after that becomes extremely dangerous since at 0. 45%, one can get into a coma.Brain shuts down from 0. 70% and stop controlling the heart, breathing, and one may end up dead . Other short-term effects include blurred vision, blackouts and insomnia. These can lead to injuries, accidents, and even death. Drinking alcohol also causes hangover in the next morning, which is associated with nausea, headaches, heartburn, fatigue, thirst, and dizziness. There are many side effects of alcohol (Peters, 2008). Conclusion In conclusion, consumption of alcohol should be reconsidered in U. S because of its adverse effects on health, family, community, and education. Alcohol should only be taken when necessary.The side effects are adverse and continue to extirpate people across the world. Therefore, alcohol should not be legal in the United States because it is impacts negatively on health, family, community and on a persons education. References Begleiter, H. , amp Kissin, B. (1996). The pharmacology of alcohol and alcohol dependence. virgin York Oxford University Press. Blane, H. T. , amp Leonard, K. E. (1999). Psychological theories of drinking and alcoholism. Ne w York u. a. Guilford Press. Brick, J. (2004). Handbook of the medical consequences of alcohol and drug abuse. New York Haworth Press. Dasgupta, A. (2011).

Writ of Habeas Corpus Essay Example for Free

Writ of Habeas head EssayHabeas head demands a court to a jailer to produce the prisoner and announce the charges (Levin-Waldman, 2012). Habeas head is an ancient common honor that applies to all Americans and anybody in the unite States at the time of their arrest. It is a legal procedure that selects a person to be brought in front after the have been arrested/ taken into custody. This is done so that the political relation to show ca hire to why the liberty of that person is existence taken a carriage and to let the person know what they are being charged with. Habeas Corpus is heavy to American and all other English common law derived function systems of jurisprudence. It is the ultimate lawful and peaceable remedy for adjudicating the providence of libertys restraint (http//www.slate.com). History of Habeas CorpusThe history of Habeas Corpus is an ancient law that has been use since the middle ages. It appears to be predominately of Anglo-Saxon common law origin b ut the ex issue origins are not really known. Even though the origin of Habeas Corpus is unknown it has been used in Europe for centuries. Its principle that has been used since the middle ages by various writs (http//www.slate.com). Habeas Corpus has evolved and changed a bit everyplace the years, but it has basically remained the kindred. Habeas Corpus states that a person who has been arrested or in custody be brought before a court. Habeas Corpus has been used in the get together States since the beginning of the American Revolutionary War. The Writ of Habeas Corpus was established by the British and was generally regarded as part of the fundamental protections guaranteed by law to each citizen (http//www.slate.com).Article I, persona 9 of the US genius guarantees the availability of the writ of habeas corpus (http//search.proquest.com). Habeas corpus serves as a tool or legal defense by state that are detained by the government. Habeas Corpus has also been used by detai ned suspect bratist/ foe combatants to challenge the government as to the rightfulness of their postponement. Since the beginning of the War on Terror hundreds of suspected terrorist/ enemy combatants have been held at the Guantanamo Bay, Cuba grasp facility. Some of the detainees that are held in that respect today have been in detention since January 2002. This has created some debates because many people feel that they are being held illegally in direct violation of the US Constitution and International Law.Suspension of Habeas CorpusArticle I, Section 9 of the US Constitution, states that, the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be stop deaded, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it (http//www.slate.com). This content that every American is entitled to Habeas Corpus and that the only way that the government can ward off Habeas Corpus is during a rebellion or a direct affright to public safety. This is one of the w ays that the Bush Administration justified detaining hundreds of suspected terrorist for years in detention facilities like Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. Their justification was that the suspected terrorist posed a threat to the safety and credential of the American people and the fall in States Government. They also used President Abraham Lincolns decision to suspend Habeas Corpus in April 27, 1861 as an example of how and way it was important to detain suspected terrorist.On April 27, 1861, President Lincoln suspended the habeas corpus privilege on points along the Philadelphia-Washington route (http//www.slate.com). This was done after 20,000 Confederate sympathizers in Baltimore tried to stop Union phalanx from traveling from one train station to another en route to Washington, causing a confusion (http//www.slate.com). President Lincoln viewed the Confederate sympathizers as a threat to public safety, and their actions could also be considered a rebellion against the United States Government. After President Lincoln ordered the suspended the habeas corpus, his Generals detained anybody whom they believed posed a threat to Union troops or public safety.Habeas Corpus and the War on TerrorAfter the kinsfolk 11, 2001 attacks in the United States and the beginning of the War on terror the Bush Administration enacted one of the just about controversial policies of their administration. This new policy enacted created many heated debates within the United States three branches of the U.S. Government, because it authorized the US Military to detain suspected terrorist/ enemy combatants for an undetermined amount of time. After the beginning of the War on Terror the Bush Administration order to use military commissions to try enemy combatants, which includes a provision denying habeas corpus rights to those subject to the order in federal court (http//search.proquest.com).These new polices also suspend the use of habeas corpus and it was justified by stating that t hese suspected terrorist were detained outdoors of the United States and they were being held at a pickle outside of the jurisdiction of the US Government. In later provision of these polices stated that the foreign nationals who have been held at Guantanamo Bay for six years without meaningful due process protections cannot be deprived of habeas corpus rights by either the president or sex act (http//search.proquest.com).Boumediene v. BushSeveral law suits have been filed against the United States by detainees or families of the detainees in regards to the illegal detention of foreign nationals that are suspected to be terrorist or enemy combatants. In the case of Boumediene v. Bush the compulsive Court of the United States command on behalf of Lakhdar Boumediene, a change citizen of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Boumediene was a detainee that was being held at military detention in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba by the United States. In this case the United States argued that Guantanamo Bay was not part of the United States, and under the 1903 lease between the United States and Cuba. Cuba had ultimate sovereignty over the territory even though it was being lease to the United States. hardly under the same lease agreement the United States had complete jurisdiction and control over the nautical Base (http//search.proquest.com).The Boumediene v. Bush case was head alone the case of Al Odah v. United States. Both of these cases challenged the legality of detainee detention at the military base in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba and it also challenged the inbuiltity of the Military Commissions Act (MCA) of 2006. The United States Military Commissions Act of 2006 was drafted after the absolute Courts decision on Hamdan v. Rumsfeld. Military Commissions Act authorizes trial by military commission for violations of the law of war. The MCA was signed by President George W. Bush on October 17, 2006 (http//search.proquest.com).On June 12, 2008, dictatorial Court Justice Kennedy deliv ered stated that court ruled on 5-4 majority, stating that the prisoners being held at the Guantanamo Bay detention camps had a right to the habeas corpus under the United States Constitution. They also stated that the Military Commissions Act of 2006 was an unconstitutional suspension of that right (http//search.proquest.com). This decision was based on the fact that the United States had complete jurisdiction and control, over the territory (Guantanamo Bay Naval Base). Even though Cuba retained ultimate sovereignty over the territory, the United States still had control and jurisdiction over the Naval Base. This means that the people detained as enemy combatants at the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base were entitled to the writ of habeas corpus protected in Article I, Section 9 of the U.S. Constitution (http//search.proquest.com).Many people believe that enemy combatant should not have the same rights as an American Citizen. This can especially be said about suspected terrorist and anybod y that threatens that safety and security of the United States. The Bush Administration justified the detention of hundreds of detainees at the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, by stating that they were arrested outside of the United States and that is being held outside of United States territory. President Bush as the as commander-in-chief did use the US Constitution to justify his actions, Article I, Section 9 of the US Constitution, states that, the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it (http//www.slate.com). This means that the commander-in-chief can suspend the writ of habeas corpus in the interest of public safety. I believe that this is a very valid justification as long as a reasonable person believes that there is still a threat to the public safety. Article 1, Section 9, Clause 2 of the US Constitution, gives Congress power to suspend the writ of habeas corpus.Article 1, Sect ion 9, Clause 2 further states that only the national Government and not the States, has the authority to suspend the writ of habeas corpus. It does not specifically state who has the authority to suspend the writ. The role of the Supreme Court in protecting civil liberties, including the judicial philosophy is very important. The Supreme Court ensures that our constitutional rights are not violated and it also serves as part of the checks and balances that our government has. The Supreme Court has played a very important role in the war on terror and the court decisions have changed the way enemy combatants are detained and prosecuted in US Courts.The Supreme Court ruled that even if an enemy combatant is detained overseas and held outside of the United States, the detainee still have constitutional rights and the writ of habeas corpus does apply to them. After reading and analyzing the writ of habeas corpus, the Bush Administrations detention justification and the US Supreme Cour t rulings, I feel that the President and the United States Government should be given a little more flexibility in regards to the writ of habeas corpus. I can see to it why the Bush Administration detained these suspected terrorist/ enemy combatants and how they can justify that these people are insecure and that they do pose a threat to the American people. But I also feel that retentiveness them detained indefinitely without due process is wrong. I do think that the military should handle suspected terrorist/ enemy combatants that are arrested/ detained outside of the United States.ReferencesStaab, J. B. (2008). The war on terrors impact on habeas corpus The constitutionality of the military commissions act of 2006. Journal of the Institute of Justice and International Studies. Retrieved September 23, 2012, from http//search.proquest.com/docview/213962970?accountid=32521Redish, M. H., McNamara, C. (2010). Habeas corpus, due process and the suspension clause A study in the foun dations of american constitutionalism. Virginia Law Review. Retrieved September 22, 2012, from http//search.proquest.com/docview/759595988?accountid=32521Levin-Waldman, O. M. (2012). American government. San Diego, CA Bridgepoint Education, Inc.Greenberg, D. (2001). Lincolns Crackdown Suspects jailed. No charges filed. Sound acquainted(predicate)? Slate. Retrieved September 22, 2012, fromhttp//www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/history_lesson/2001/11/lincolns_crackdown.htmlAzmy, B. (2009). Boumediene v. bush and the new common law of habeas. Rochester, Rochester Retrieved September 22, 2012, from http//search.proquest.com/docview/189874026?accountid=32521

Communication and Ethical Issues Summary Essay Example for Free

Communication and Ethical Issues Summary EssayThe first example of the SWAT Team assail a suspected meth ho persona showed no ethics at all. The officers probably assumed no one was home since they pulled over their suspect away from his home, When they see a military personnel coming exhaust the stairs they should energise noticed a golf club un his hand not a gun. The use of their power in this case was not justified even if he resisted non of the officers would have been hurt by the helmet and body armor they wear. Their use of power was idle (Balko, 2013). The second example where a homeless man is carrying a knife and would not drop it was shot. It was legal for him to have and carry the knife and if a bystander has to anticipate a police officer why he shot him tells me that he was not doing anything threatening with the knife. He was shot because he did not drop it.This is the shortcomings of the officer culture of leadership in his department because the officer wa s cleared of any injure doing. His use of power was unjustified (Balko, 2013). The third example is where the police tear a recording studio thinking there are a large quantity of drugs set there. They only find personal consumption quantity and they try to decide what equipment in the recording studio they will take on asset forfeiture grounds. The police conversations were recorded because the equipment was left on when they raided the home. This is all the way an ethical problem within their agency with the leadership and the culture they have developed.Their use of power was unjustified (Balko, 2013). When you see your own leadership in your own agency does things that are not quite by the Standard Operating Procedure (SOP), it can give you the understanding that if you copy what they do or their wrong you would be justified. The author of this paper watched a correctional serjeant spray a can of black pepper spray into a cell just to mess with the inmate that was inside, no other reason. An investigationwas held and the sergeant was given a verbal reprimand.The officers who worked directly for this sergeant also felt that if they broke the SOP, this sergeant would have their back and help in justifying their actions like not pulling inmates out of their cells for showers during their shower time, purposely dropping their food trays on the floor or spitting in their food. This action happens and in the report that is saturnine in it gets justified by that sergeant signing off on the action.ReferenceBalko, R. (2013, September 10). Radley Balko on the 3 Worst Cases of Police Abuse in 2011 Video file. Retrieved from University of Phoenix Media Library website https//portal.phoenix.edu/medialibrary/videodetails.05V110608001512139.html

A recent newspaper report Essay Example for Free

A recent newspaper report EssayThe council had fitted a new skunk into Judy Weisss flat as part of a refurbishment. Ms Weiss noted that it looked good, but also complained that it smelled when the weather was warm. A workman was direct by the council to look at it, who then said they could not smell anything. No further action was taken regarding this particular issue.S1 After some time, Ms Weiss then noted that a leak had started at the back of the toilet, where the floor and wall meet. It was miniscule at first and ab initio position on the Low priority list, before it then got worse to the point that the ara always became flood after the toilet was used, therefore becoming a High Priority problem. A professional was called again to look at it, and they turned off the water to stop the leak, but said Ms Weiss moldiness use the toilet in the corridor instead.Ms Weiss complained that the toilet had been troubling her for two weeks now, and continuing leaks ar resulting i n emerging rotting on the skirting and stains on the floor tiles and hall carpet. She is now asking for compensation, and for everything to be fixed as soon as possible. This is a document to predicate tenants of the councils policies well-nigh housing problems and how repairs to their homes are categorised, as well as advise tenants about how to report any problems which arise.This report has a heterogeneous purpose to inform as well as to support readers on their case. Some positive points about the council are mentioned at the start of the denomination, but it mainly concentrates on highlighting negative points. It is positively mentioned that Westchester regulate Council came top in the Local Government rankings, mainly due to the recent refurbishment of all rented homes. thither is a quote by Council Chief Amy Ayomola about how thrilled tenants are by the highly prosperous project. A spokesman from a local tenants association accused the council of window dressing and said that the upgrades are remiss and being done at the expense of normal repairs. It is said that the council is failing to meet targets for repairs, and that the council came 54th out of 72 in the rankings for tackling non-urgent repairs.CONCLUSIONS1 The toilet smell in Judy Weiss home was dealt with correctly as per the councils repairs policy, with regards to Low Priority problems there is a need for repair but this is not affecting the tenants ability to enjoy live in the property. This could include flaking paint, minor drainage smells or cracked tiles.2 The start of the leak was initially correctly marked as Low Priority, due to its small size. However, as the leak increased so much to a point that the floors were being flooded and causing considerable damp damage in the area, it may film possibly been in the best interest of the council to deal with this in quicker time.3 Since Ms Weiss had been contacting the council every week for the past six months with little response in return, more should have been done on our part to help her on time and not keep her waiting unnecessarily.RECOMMENDATIONS1 In light of the problems highlighted by this tenants letter, the repairs policy should be properly reviewed and some amendments should be considered in pose to improve it.2 More investigation also should be done to find out whether these issues are truly a common occurrence for many more other tenants in Westchesters councils homes. A questionnaire would be a suitable method for this.3 A letter of responsibility should be written and sent as soon as possible to the tenant, Judy Weiss, to acknowledge and apologise for her problems, as well as to inform her of what we can to do help and advise her of what actions she should make in future.4 A response article should be written for the Westchester Gazette to let the public know the councils side of the story, and to portray itself in a more positive light.

Online Education vs Traditional Education Essay Example for Free

Online Education vs Traditional Education EssayHave you ever enrolled in an online distinguish and a tralatitious set at the same time? Kaleb has tried both unfortunately superstar was more successful than the other. Kaleb is taking Anatomy and English, Anatomy is an online class and English is a traditional class. He excels in his English class due the present-to-face interaction and lively feedback from the instructor and his lucifers. The online class on the other hand was the total opposite here he is sitting in front of the calculating machine dazed and confused trying to figure what to do next. Kaleb is an auditory and tactile learner so he needs physical contact and interaction.The online class did not provide that physical contact and feedback he indispensable so he was not very successful in it. Although online and traditional educations are both forms of breeding, traditional education is more informative due to the availability, sermon/communication, and st ructure. Traditional courses cede availability to its advantage considering that most students often fail online courses because of lack in availability. In a traditional course you have that face to face interaction and physical contact. Your professors are available on hand for you to ask questions about things you do not understand.Your classmates are physically available for you all to interact with each other questions. Online courses lack the swift feedback you receive in a traditional classroom. When learning something new you need that immediate availability that the traditional classroom provides. Class communication and discussions are very helpful when taking any type of class. Online courses do have discussions, because the communications for online courses are not definite. Online communication is somewhat unreliable communicating with a peer online will not always receive a response.Traditional classs communication and discussion are beneficial if you have informatio n or responses for one of your peers you will immediately receive a response. dissimilar online classes, in a traditional course you have class discussion where you are range to participate. Having discussions during class gives you an opportunity to give your input on the discussion taking place, it also gives you a find oneself to voice and concerns you have. Also when you have the face to face interaction that I mentioned in the last dissever you are able to get a response right away without having to wait on an electronic response.Structure in the classroom is very important. In order to have a successful class you have to orchestrate some type of order. Traditional courses have rules that you must follow if you would like to strain the course that you are enrolled in. Traditional courses have rules such as attendance policies and assignment due dates. Unlike online courses, traditional classes have required participation and presentation you have to perform in every course . Whenever you have these rules and requirements you perform better and excel in your class.Last, even though online and traditional educations are both forms of learning traditional education is more beneficial and informative due to availability, discussion/communication, and structure. Online courses may be preferable by some students, but when enrolled in such a course you have to be prepared and able to teach yourself and learn accordingly. Although, Kaleb tried both online and traditional courses, he realized that traditional courses are more informative especially for him considering that he is a hand on learner. Now Kaleb will appreciate twice before he enrolls into another online class.

Martin Luther King Jr. and Henry Thoreau Debate Essay Example for Free

Martin Luther king younger and enthalpy Thoreau Debate EssayFight For What is salutary A cold, snowy winter iniquity in Birmingham, Alabama one of those nights where you would rather stay inside and sit by a drive out while sipping on a cup of hot chocolate. Not everyone is doing that though, for many multitude walk in the cold on the whole bundled up. Some of the more unfortunate ones stay stranded outside in the halt weather with not nearly enough layers to keep them warm. In Birmingham, a lot of these people dwell of African Americans who cannot afford somewhere to keep warm or are Just simply denied a place to stay based on their skin color. In this day and age, segregation exists between whites and blacks. A huge issue nationwide, but when it comes to Birmingham everything is taken to a new level. To ensure the separation of whites and blacks, you can have plenty of racial signs and new(prenominal) such tactics used by the city. Although between office and Thoreau , none of these resemble an issue they both could stay warm under their nice winter Jackets, both had a place to go back home to and more importantly, one was a white man and the other a black man. Henry David Thoreau and Martin Luther King Jr. both made themselves very well cognize and idolized by many.They knew severally other through a mutual friend but came into clutch when they ran into one another here in Birmingham. The segregation in Birmingham continues to get out of control with ageless bombings and killings of African American citizens, causing certain assemblys to want to take action towards reform in Birmingham. The group kn induce as the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights called upon King to help direct them in non-violent reform, while Thoreau made his trip here to witness the reforms. Thoreaus time of non-violent reform came about years in advance King take down began to participate.King actually learned Just about everything from Thoreaus writing, b ut Thoreau has no wiz of that at this very moment. What King learned from Thoreau, he put to use more than Thoreau ever did. Right now the two men share the same non-violent beliefs and want to spread the word in their own separate ways. As the two men walk down the street they engage in neighbourly small talk. But then they come across a black couple denied entry into a restaurant. Both men look at ach other in disgust. They have seen it happen hundreds of times, but each time they see it, they have the same disgustful reaction.After what they Just witnessed, the two men started to declare their opinions to each other on why they see this type of policy as a disgrace. Henry Thoreau spoke first with a scornful tone in his voice on how he cannot pry his government for allowing instances like these to occur. He continues speaking, l cannot for an instant recognize that political organization as my government which is the slaves government also (180). In response, King expresses t o Thoreau, that you cannot put the entire blame on the government even though they could reposition the laws involving segregation.But would that change how the white majority feels, especially in southern states. Those people grew up witn certain opinions ot Atrican Americans. King goes on with another strong statement, saying Whatever affects one directly, affects all indirectly (214). With this statement, King tries to tell Thoreau that if they cannot change how people think, then segregation will not change either. After uttering such words, King goes quiet, neither one of them saying anything to each other. Both continue walking with their eyes facing forward, trying to fgure out what they are going to say next.After a a couple of(prenominal) minutes of walking in the freezing cold with a light flurry of snow, the silence is broken. King ends this when he asks Thoreau how he plans on making a dissimilarity for racism and segregation. Thoreau does not respond remediate awa y, giving King the opportunity to answer his own question Henry, we need to make a difference here in Birmingham. If we do something here then it ay affect the whole nation. And we need to do it in a non-violent manner. He continues, In any non-violent campaign there are four basic go collection of facts to determine whether injustices exist negotiation self-purification and direct action (215). King believes that these steps will lead them to a successful reform against segregation. Thoreau agrees with King that they should reform in a non-violent way, but questions who will join forces him. He immediately states,They continue enjoying each others company, but ever since their heated discussions the two have not said one word or even batted an eye towards the other. They arrive at the footsteps of Martin Luther King Jr. s apartment where he says one final comment to end the night, Henry, we have a lesson responsibility to disobey unjust laws (218). We are nere tor a reason and that reason involves making a ditterence. So tomorrow lets get everyone in town together and move forward with this reform. Thoreau ooks at King with a blank face and continues his way.With his incomparable leadership ability, King leads a reform the next day in Birmingham. The reform in Birmingham took place in 1963, and was led by Martin Luther King Jr.. This action brought attention to the integrating efforts in the city, and during these nonviolent riots the citys police brought out dogs which attacked the civilians. They would also spray the people with high powered weewee hoses. But the reform actions demonstrated led to the government changing the city of Birminghams discrimination laws.

Causes of Film Cult Status: Donnie Darko

Causes of Film Cult Status Donnie DarkoFilm Donnie DarkoAbstractThe place by and bying dissertation superiorly-developed knocked bug turn out(p) of an enthusiastic pertain in Cult exposure caramel browndom and, in particular, Donnie Darko (Kelly 2001). The desire to study the postulate in depth through with(predicate) a strip study into its winnowdom came from my own curiosity and ambition to trace and understand the level of winnowdom that surrounds the engage, and how that formulated.Through reviewing and studying other academics process in the field and their own theories on hysteria aims it acknow leadged the diverse kick the bucket when essay to find a squ atomic itemize 18(a) interpretation and the complexities that follow the term hysteria. The investigate was apply as the core of my study whilst examining Donnie Darko throughout the dissertation, using the die as non lonesome(prenominal) a definition for fury unless in like manner theories on response and bufferdom... By spirit at the pre release of the image itself and the critical reply that followed an interesting debate is revealed Was Donnie Darko created to incur a Cult conduct? By conducting a study into the critical and fan reception of Donnie Darko it became bargon of the impact this had on the picture palaces frenzy stance and also of how the madness fandom communities state and exercise with each other in the form of dedicated fan web sites and fan message boards.By taking into pick upation the various components of Donnie Darko, pre release, distri just nowion, fan and critical reception, the conclusion of how much Donnie Darko rat be be as a Cult photographic record can be found. It is plain to see what impact the earnings had on the advantage of its reception with fans and revivals for re-releases, all of which raze to the acquire being deliberately manufactured to stick with to cult sensibilities.IntroductionIn contemporary film and media there has always been an interest in fan studies and hearing reception scarce there has been limited work on the specific genre of cult fandom and cult films. The research that is already visible(prenominal) on the subject of cult films is inconclusive and does not shell out a ballpark definition of what cult film is. I believe that it is possible to make a buildingd framework of what makes a film cult from existing research but there is meagre study in respect of how cult films can be seen to be deliberately make.It is my hypothesis that film makers now bemuse the knowledge to be able to construct and manipulate their films into do untroubleding a cult audience, and that by researching this it exit inform future academic word in the area of cult film. This piece of work bequeath ceaseeavour to map out the proficiencys used to create a cult film and thereby gain a cult audience and from this it will be possible to determine whether or not cult films are a c arefully constructed and marketed schoolbook.In this dissertation, which takes the form of a case study, the 2001 Richard Kelly film Donnie Darko will be analysed in terms of how it has achieved the perceived status of being branded a cult film. The repoint of this will be to define what a cult film is, and what attributes constitute a cult film, whilst looking at levels of fandom and considering whether or not cult is more ordinary than root perceived.The first off section of this reputation will discuss existing definitions of what cult films are, and also the problems faced when defining them. Having get alongd at a solid definition of what a cult film is it will be used as the reference point when considering cult film in terms with Donnie Darko for the rest of the paper.A films cult status is not dependant on textual aspects alone and, in the final section of the paper, I will take a look at the reception of Donnie Darko amongst critics and general fans this is, arguably, the most native element to consider in terms of understanding how the status of cult film was conferred upon Donnie Darko. By referring to academic journals and contemporary reviews of the film in commercial film magazines and on websites it will be possible to arrive at an supposition of how the critics organize the cult idea.Lacking a formal outlet, fan reception is harder to analyse, but by survey fan communities online in the form of a dedicated fansite and one specifically created forum for Donnie Darko fans, it will be possible to analyse the fandom surrounding the film. Also, through analysis of focalisation groups of self proclaimed Donnie Darko fans, it will, through their discourse and opinions, be possible to map how cult fans react and use the text, in score to find out whether the film was constructed for this conclusion.Literature Review What Is Cult?When studying Cult Film it is first important to arrive at a robust definition of the term in order to provide c larity throughout this study. Cult Film is a phrase that is often used, in the context of certain films, by film re viewing audience, critics and the film fans identical, but arriving at an academic definition of what the terms exactly means, and the attributes a film essential be seen to view to conform to a notion of a cult framework, is a difficult task. m whatever another(prenominal) theorists have proposed their own notions and definitions of what makes a film cult, each formulating a different variation of what they see as essential to the make-up of a cult film. Some suggest that a cult film is created through its overall consumption, whilst others attribute prominence to other elements that feature within the text themselves.In their work in the area of cult film Jancovich, Stringer, Willis and Reboll also recognise that the term cult has many different centers and connotations, take a steadfast stand that (Cult) would include entries from such seemingly disparate sub genres as bad film, splatterpunk, mondo films, and sword and sandal epics, Elvis flicks (Sconce 1995 cited in Jancovich et al 20031) the list goes on but the point they are trying to make is that an overwhelmingly vast group of films could potentially be considered as cult.In their work they do not sort out out to completely define the exact characteristics of any specific cinemas, describing cult films as an essentially eclectic year (Jancovich et al 20031) the work also goes on to propose that there is no one single build or characteristic that is occupied by every cult film but that they are formed by the viewers and critics via a subcultural ideology (Jancovich20031), and that, in terms of film, this ideology is formed when the audience or make up the film maker choose to view the films in opposition to what is thought to be mainstream cinema. An physical exercise of this would be Hollywood cinema stories that have a beginning, middle and an end whilst sideline a solidi fication path which leads to a resolved and happy ending in most cases.Jancovich goes on to also expose how film fans claim the title of being a cult fan by suggesting that there are two separate groups. The first set of fans that are ones that can be seen to revere specific films as works of true artistic and political independence (Jancovich et al 20032). Examples of such works would include Stanley Kubricks A Clockwork Orange (1971) and more recently Quentin Tarantinos Pulp Fiction (1994), these films although having gained much best-selling(predicate)ity can be perceived as being quite obscure and different. These differences are aesthetically pleasing for certain viewers that consider it cult.The other group of fans he describes are fans that watch films that can be viewed and celebrated for the transparent fact that they have not adhered to mainstream cinema, these films, in a lot of cases, do not steady have recognisable quality in terms of story or acting but are over a gain enjoyed due to the over-the-top and often clichd acting and effects. An example of this would be Sam Raimis black Dead Trilogy in the 1980s, which included over the top gory scenes and also clichd catchphrases such as when the main character Ash (Bruce Campbell) is confronted by a demon who tells him that he will swallow his soul before Ash replies Swallow this kills the demon with a shotgun blast. such celebration and viewings of these films, known as cult fandom, came from a draw opposition to main box office Hollywood hits and certain areas of movie fans seemed to crave these over-the-top and unusual films more than the epic blockbuster.This market for alternative films was not left unobserved by film exhibitors and the emergence of art screenings began to emerge or, as Jancovich put it, they turned to wealthy peculiar(prenominal)izer audiences through the creation of art cinemas (Jancovich et al 20033). The creation of such picture houses channeled the fans of these a lternative films together and became their first forum to engage with each other. This can be considered a critical step in cult fandom emerging and is apposite in terms of this study as it can be seen to go over with the online forums that are now widely available for fans to discuss their passions. A phenomenon which is discussed in detail below.Jancovich et al goes on to tinge on the spate of technological advances that have recently begun to have a bearing on whether films gain the status of cult. For example natural media outlets such as digital television, art cinemas, VHS, DVDs and most recently the meshing that allow higher distribution of films, regardless of the films success in the mainstream cinemas. This technological rotation of distribution is described by Jancovich as a powerful market force (Jancovich et al 20034). Such a market force means that films that completely failed at the box office and have been create verbally off by critics can nevertheless go on t o gain a unwavering fan base simply through buzz generated by fans telling each other around the films. A phenomenon which has proceed increasingly prevalent with the rise of the meshing fan bases.Jancovich et al acknowledge a number of problems with the bare-ass rise in technology, the first of which being that the wide array of possible ways for the films to be seen now threatens property and exclusivity(Jancovich et al 2003) something which cult movies and their fans depend on. This is a particularly interesting notion, as it suggests that although the available media outlets allow fans a base on which to share their film interests on, it can also mean that film makers can market carefully constructed films, which adhere to all the attributes that have made many other cult films successful, directly in order to tap into a specific, pre-identified cult audience.There are examples of films being made for the specific purpose of gaining a cult status or a highly niche audience to form a cult, this warps the notion of what cult film is due to the deliberate look for to create a fan base rather than one being spontaneously generated. This can lead to films appearing to have the textual elements of a cult film but not have the equal avocation of that of a cult film but, rather, that of a failed mainstream film.A fan base which is essential to the idea of cult. An example of a failed cult film would be I Heart Huckabees (Russel2004) its confusing, multi level narrative and overall unusualness, whilst seeking a cult market, has not generated any significant fan support, so cannot be considered cult as loyal fan base is a reoccurring element in any cult definition. One film that baron been seen to be a successful manufacturing of a cult was The Blair Witch Project, using alternative technology, with the use of the take hold cameras, not seen before in modern Hollywood. This film can be also said to be the first film to properly use the internet as a tool for advertising their film, through a cult medium. hBe that as it whitethorn, it is not to say that any film with a fan base will be considered cult. Films such as Star Wars (Lucas) which has perhaps the biggest, obsessive fan base of any film could be perceived as being far too popular in the mainstream to be even considered as cult. This is one of the many difficulties in investigating what a cult film is but despite of this it is still essential to investigate films on many levels to identify and plump for a films cult status.The reception of a film by and by its release represents perhaps the biggest part in the creation of a cult film and this happens through two groups The Fans and The Critics. First of all the viewing unexclusive piece of cake a major part in the cult success of a film and only through fandom can a film achieve a true cult status.Cult films could be labeled through critics calling it so in a review, this can cause a half mask effect and influence fans to begin acknowledging the film as having cult status, due to the academic labeling of cult. Critical approval though is not as concrete evidence of a films status, as the slating of a film by a critic could in turn create a higher cult following for that film.Harper and Mendik in their work have put forward a number of characteristics of films that are considered cult after analyzing a number of cult films. They point towards futuristic ideas, the paranormal, scattered and complex narratives, gory violence and events that cannot be explained, this are seen to be essential to being able to put films into a cult category (Harper Mendik 20008 to10).This work along with Jancovich et als approaches cult film as a type of snack counter culture. An alternative culture to Hollywood and its principles and practices in terms of film and also counter to the norms of the rest of westward society. Although there are many differing views on what a cult film is, this is the definition that will be used and acknowledged throughout the rest of the study and is the template for what will be considered Cult.The definition above is not complete however as , although it does describe what elements the film has to have for the reader of the text to describe it as cult, it does not entirely show what cult fandom is, and as a result it is essential to read the text as what Barry provide describes as the supertext. What is meant by the supertext is that more than sightly the text is analyse and in intercourse to cult film its distribution, consumption and reception all play a diametrical role in its cult definition or as Grant himself describes Because cult films, by common definition involve some intense devotion on the part of their audience (Grant 200014)It is Grants view that the supertext, in the form of a cult film can transport the viewer remote from their own reality by using a certain text to escape from their norms as Grant states in his work on The Rocky Horror Pict ure Show in which he contends that it is a fundamentally ambiguous text that can comfortably accommodate opposed readings. Because of its well-known phenomenon of audience participation, the unravel also is perhaps the clearest demonstration of the cult films supertextual significance (Grant 200019). This view ties in with audience reception theory and the Uses and Gratifications pretense to be exact.Throughout this study fans behavior will be looked at in relation to the Uses and Gratifications (UG) which is a body of approaches underpinned by the basic idea that people use texts and the media to gain specific gratifications out of them or as Blumler and Katz state It presents the use of media in terms of the gratification of social or psychological needs of the single(a) (Blumler Katz 1974). In their work on UG Jay G Blumler and Elihu Katz put forward four sub-sections when considering in what areas the audience were gaining gratification from media texts these include survei llance, personal relationships, personal identity and diversion.The element that relates closest to the work on cult film and in particular Grants work is the Diversion section, which is described as a media text which allows the user an escape from reality. Also the section on personal identity is germane(predicate) to this study as it is described as a person creating their own identity from things they find attractive(a) in the media. These two sub-sections will be considered when studying fans that use Donnie Darko as it demonstrates the cult fans relationship to the text as being active and is the closest media theory to the work already canvass on cult film.Finally, in considering the phenomenon of online fandom, it is worth noting Matt Hills work on naturalsgroups which describes online fandom as something separate and new from offline fandom, or as Matt Hills states The mediation of new media must be addressed rather than tough as an invisible term within the romanticis ed new. (Hills 2002172). This particular study was useful to me in that it was the first to pass on my eyes into the usefulness of the data online when studying fans. Here Henry Jenkins explains the wealth of data that can be accessed the computer net groups allow us to observe self-defined and ongoing interpretive community.. Whose give-and-takes occur without direct control or intervention by the researcher, yet in a form that is legitimately open to public scrutiny and analysis (Jenkins 1995 cited in Hills 2002 174).I found this quote particularly useful when deciding on methodology and despite having already decided on focus group research to research fans faceto-face it became apparent that the internet also would have a wealth of data to be analysed without any interference from academics, making the data more valid.Overall what I can take from the literature review is the following definition of cult that will be used as a template for the study of Donnie Darko. Having can vass many different theories, it is the following template that will be used when considering fans in relation to the filmA cult film is characterised by its active and lively communal following. Highly committed and uncontrollable in their appreciation, cult audiences are frequently at odds with cultural conventions.Cult films transgress common notions of good and bad perceptiveness, and they challenge genre conventions and coherent storytelling. Among the techniques cult films us are intertextual references, gore, loose ends in storylines, or the creation of a sense of nostalgia (Cultographies Cult Definition Web Accessed 10/03/08)As it is this definition, combined with the Jancovichs theory that cult films can be deliberately made in a marketing attempt to gain a cult following, that will be used in relation to fans using Donnie Darko as a supertext to see how film makers can now manipulate a fan base, using new media technology as a base.Project AimsThe aim of this study will b e to follow the case study of Donnie Darko, it being a contemporary example of a cult film, and map out its reception as a cult film from its early cinema release to the reception of both fans and critics alike of subsequent releases of further editions of the film. By mapping out the film in this way it will become clearer not only how it adheres to the cult formula but also how cult is established or even in some cases manipulated. By studying fans of the film in relation to Grants work on the supertext it becomes clear how the film makers have influenced the level of fandom involved and also perhaps most significantly the fans contribution.MethodologyTo maximise the potential for results that hold quality and validity throughout my case study of Donnie Darko a number of different methods are used to gain the evidence I need to conclude this study. The purpose of focus groups in this study is to question fans of Donnie Darko on their level of fanaticism and also to find out how t hey were influenced by the film to become such a fan. The constitution of the focus groups is derived from personal networks, family and other university goers. My hind end population has no class, race or gender requirements, targeting the fanatical fans of Donnie Darko and as the film itself when it was released was targeted at striplings and tweens the character group is taken from university students and their peer group. Focus groups were determined to be the optimum methodology, representing a practical and comparatively inexpensive way to do research due to lack of a budget the participants can be sought out and assembled quickly.The insights that are needed to make are immediately available, the insights in this case is what makes the film so important to their lives and the reasons behind them buying into the Donnie Darko cult.The benefits of using a focus group rather than fair(a) a survey revolve around the degree of interviewing flexibility as during the focus group s it is possible to play clips from different films and to be able to study body language and interactions between the fans in relation to the role of different elements of cult films.Arthur Asa Berger describes the usefulness of this particular technique The aim of the discussion is not to build a consensus, but just the opposite- to find out what each member of the focus group thinks about the national under discussion, to elicit from each person in the group his or her descriptions of behavior of interest.(Berger 199191)The contents of the transcripts obtained from these focus groups are then read through and analysed using content analysis trying to draw distinction between a cult films being deliberately manufacturedThe attendees of the focus groups included five fans of the film that I had considered to be deeply involved with their fandom in regards to Donnie Darko. They were obtained by the sending of emails, Attached at extension B, to all students of Bath Spa University, asking them if they consider themselves fans of Donnie Darko and if they did if they would like to take part in a research project that would not take up much of their condemnation. Their anonymity was also assured, as their gender was neither at issue nor who they were.Many replies were received,32 in all, and a response was sent back outlining the intentions of the study, how the findings would be used and what would be required of those willing to participate Potential participants were also sent a set of questions designed to test their level of fandom. These questions were derived from the largest Donnie Darko fan list (website) on the internet and required the respondent to hold a degree of knowledge necessary to being considered a true fan of Donnie Darko. The replies that were considered to most correspond with a high degree of fandom were subsequently selected to take part in the study.During the focus group sitting a number of set questions, Attached at Appendix A, were asked that were considered essential to my study. These questions were used as they aid an analysis of how the film makers attracted this cult market and what elements inspired the fans.The reasoning behind using the interview technique mixed with the focus group rather than questionnaire is that the interviews enabled participants to answer in their own words and language structure in favour of a mark out of 10 on a questionnaire sheet. This affords the findings a richer meaning as well as allowing for the clarification of certain meanings or, as Berger puts it, The depth interview, on the other hand, is highly focused. It is conducted to get at matters such as hidden feelings or attitudes and beliefs that respondents may not be conscious of or that are only dimly in their consciousness (Berger 199157) The responses that are sought in order to prove the hypothesis that cult films are manufactured to directly gain a cult fan base are ones that relate to the film in terms of the d efinition of cult previously declared for example enjoyment of the loose plot or the sense of nostalgia that film brings to the viewer.Critical ReceptionDonnie Darko is firm cult fan favorite and has been named in numerous cult film list including coming 9th in Film Fours 50 films to see before you die (channel 4 web). The film, set in 1988, takes place in a small town in the USA which is about to witness the end of the world. Donnie Darko (Jake Gyllenhaal) is a troubled youth who is plagued by visions of a giant rabbit named Frank who warns him of the worlds impending doom. on with his girlfriend Gretchen (Jena Malone), and other people that help him along the way, he must try to understand the other happenings at home, at school and his life. It is a struggle against time and life as he gets led closer to the end of the world.Donnie Darko was the debut film of director and writer Richard Kelly. It premiered at 2001 film festivals, generating a high level of buzz and picking up a number of awards most notably the grand dialog box prize at the renowned Sundance Film Festival. The film generated a lot of chaw arising from this festival buzz, and this hype in turn damaged the commercial success of the film. Film distributors were put off by the films multi-genre format and, arriving around the time of the terrorist acts of 9/11, the scenes of plane crashes at the start and end of the film, as one commentator states Donnie Darko, a story of death and crashing jets, flopped in the US, not least because it came out just after 9/11 (Danny Leigh 2004 Web). Because of this the film was considered a box office flop, only being able to amass $110,494( inception IMDB) in its first weekend as it was only shown on 58 screens in the unharmed of the United States and, subsequently, only given a few weeks run, it was in danger of slipping off the radar. under these situations, the press and critics may not have given Donnie Darko the attention and acclaim that is arguabl y deserved. At the time of release Richard Kelly had not explained that the film was open to interpretation and reviewers seemed at odds with the film, especially with what the film was trying to say or if indeed that the audience was required to create their own meaning.Searching for reviews of Donnie Darko it becomes apparent that few critics were agreed on the films agenda. The British Film Institutes magazine Sight and Sound wrote that (Donnie Darko is) about seemingly inconsequential but secretly connected details, and divine forces that compel characters to actions they dont understand (Felperin 2002 web)Others do not share this view, with one reviewer deciding that Donnie Darko is merely a general adolescent movie and that Donnie Darko may be the Everest of adolescent angst movies. A smart, emotionally troubled suburban teen wrestles with the usual stuff identity issues, bullies, well-meaning but clueless parents and various school absurdities (W. Addiego, San Francisco Chro nicle 2001) and some clearly articulating their confusion, asking Is it a aversion film? A black comic parable of Generation X angst? A teen drama with a psycho edge? If not, what the hell is it? Looking in my notebook, I see I have scribbled David Lynch, The X Files, Prozac Nation, My So-Called Life, Ghost World.none of these quite nails the genre, and perhaps more importantly the tone of this very strange movie. (Bradshaw 2002 Guardian Web)The confusion that was exhibited by the film critics can be attributed to the motley and multi genre format that can be seen in most cult films. Donnie Darkos mix of sci-fi, horror and comedy is reminiscent of other recent cult films such as Starship Troopers and Critters and apparent in reviews of an older cult favourite The Evil Dead which state that The influence of The Three Stooges on its diverting creative trio of director Raimi, producer Robert Tapert, and lead actor Bruce Campbell gives the film a playful but unsettling feeling (Glanv ille 2001 BBC Web).It is this unusual mix that gives cult films an ingredient that mainstream Hollywood lacks, cult films can be seen to go against these ideologies and critics did not miss this within Donnie Darko from the outset, claiming that The product of first-time writer-director Richard Kellys fertile imagination, Donnie Darko is one part 1980s Hollywood teen movie, one part sci-fi flick, with a dollop of David Lynch and a twist of Catcher in the Rye. If you were cynical you strength call that cocktail the instant cult classic (Slater 2002 BBC Web). With reviews such as this the Donnie Darko cult begins to take shape in the public consciousness whilst the fact that the film seems to have been designed as a cult is also recognised by the reviewers.After the critics have their say it is down to the fans to make what they want of the film and whether or not the reviewers have a direct influence on the fans when calling films cult is another issue, but they can be seen reacting to Donnie Darko as they had with numerous cult films to go before it.By looking at Donnie Darko, we are looking at the most contemporary film to become such a cult success and much of the onus has been pointed towards the increase in new media technology and in particular the internet. The internet has enabled large groups of fans in fan communities that can easily support, critique and help each other to come to understand films, especially Donnie Darko. Not only can fans talk to each other about the film, the interest in film can be seen world wide and the buzz created helps spread the word and in turn influencing many sales on DVD Following the success at the Pioneer, midnight screenings popped up crossways the country, fueling domestic DVD sales to more than $10 million (Burnett 2004 indiewire Web) these sales have since in stages increased in America and gaining a huge following in the U.K.In much the same way as the critics were split and at odds with each other, the audien ce also lacked consensus, with some present that the plot holes and the general mystery around the film should be celebrated for making the film special and those who did not subscribe to this concept and expected the film to be resolved for them. Such oppositions in taste between fans and critics alike creates the perfect grounds for a cult to form and to be celebrated, this becomes clearer when studying the fan communities themselves.Study Phase 2Returning to the internet, as represent the primary vehicle and forum for fans to communicate with each other, often in the form of dedicated fan sites. Such sites are created by individual wishing to share their fandom of the film with others and seeking to explain Donnie Darko in their own way. Perhaps the main source of discourse between fans takes place on interactive message boards, an online version of the book club model for example.By analysing and describing the audience reception to Donnie Darko, it gives us additional insight into the level and type of fandom that is associated with cult films. more now than ever before, due to technological advances, fans are able to discuss and interpret their views on the film, and even doubters of the film can read the views of fans and be drawn into the mystery of the film. Such debates not only cabal discussion but allow the fans to obtain pleasure from the text and becoming more literate in it.The internet discussion rooms help breed the cult in more ways than the discussion itself. The debates between fans lead on to other events such as the viewing of the film again, evaluating and developing new ideas obtained from reading other fan theories. Subsequent development of their own new ideas to share with other fans is encouraged, not only adding value to their own reading of the text but also boosting the pleasure of the community as a whole.It can be argued that such close inspection and dismantling of the text, leads to the film being used in a way that was no t the intention of its author, Richard Kelly, but it is this hardcore following of fans online that have created the success for Donnie Darko and without their keen following and debates the film would not be ascribed cult status. Here it may be pertinent to refer back to the idea of the supertext as we can identify the fans reception as showing the dedication and passion required to form the cult of Donnie Darko using the internet as the foundation for the fans personal but maybe imagined affiliation with the film.When searching the internet, on a search engine, typing in Donnie Darko Fansite brings up thousands and thousands of pages and, after reading through many of them, it seeme